S € ™ s education in modern times
S € ™ s education in modern times
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         The voices of women in the workplace â € œâ document of the UN 1982 is an important stoic women statementâ € 50% of the world D ™ € s population. Includes 33.3% of the official labor force, processes some 66.6% of all working hours, receive 10% of the world D € ™ s income and own less than 1% of the world correctly. This alone is justified, serious, positive, the policy of land on the empowerment of women. It is also true that women in the end, made their presence felt, with a difference. In a society dominated by men in all spheres of work.
         Including areas of government decision making. There is a wide proved their excellence. But area, where women are seen as complementary in artificial mana € ™ s domain. They are artificial suffering. Most people are content to own the image above to prove our women and then individually. Thus, one has become an age old concept enshrined in our own individuated human powers / veer permits.
         However, as embodiment of Shakh, Durga, Shikago, MA Saraswati, Laxmi and wealth values Mr. A. Sita and much more. They clean, that our religion is safe in their hands. They obey their comments.
         What is needed is a change of attitude. Let that be treated as individuals, to measure with them. Let not just be called as a good mother, good wife, a good girl. Leave then also be treated as a good partner.
        Section 14, 15, 16 contribution to ensuring equality before the law of India, equal protection of the law and equality opportunities to all citizens of India. It prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the grunts of caste, religion, sex. It can also PreMed of all.Â
         It may be possible if the attitudes of men and women change. When have people very slowly. We are made for awards.
         It has been proved beyond doubt that women have proved the same in all areas and this should be accepted without reservation. People are the men of the family and society as a whole need to encouring given patronageto their efforts. They should be allowed to work in dignity. Creation a warm and friendly 5, need time. It is 5 times, is more sensitive to its role as a mother and wife the man must reach and share of loans to their obligations domeshe.
         Whether it is accepted as a prediction necessary and should not be regarded as an encroachment on their rights.
         In addition to the policy National women, most of the state level have established state policies. The state of Madhya Pradesh has declared this political evil state that if are endeaun is a social structure based on justice and equality. When women can react without any function and get Obi the benefit of the resources available across different / resource.Â
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         The issue of women and social change in India is not as simple as it seems. historical contingencies have been an important factor in the evolution of our society. Women played a role no less crucial, given the restrictions imposed in each period, bringing significant changes.
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         With the arrival Aryans, patriarchy was well established even before the varna caste has become. The girl has not been received as was the son in the Vedic period. Various sacrifices were made for the birth of a son. The Atharva Veda implored, â € œThe birth of a daughter to grant elsewhere, here grant a € boy.â Women have the chance to be mothers â € € œheroic sounds. Vivekananda with the spirit Vedic thought in this century, that educated girls, â € œwill inspire their husbands with the noble ideals and heroic mothers of € sounds. Â
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         Despite the assaults of women challenged the patriarchal vision of world of their periods. Although Gargi, Maithreyi, Apala, etc., were in the Vedic period, Sita, Draupadi, etc., made in the Epic period. When Sita would have rejected Ram and entered the earth, what more rebellion than we expect. It was a nonviolent coup in patriarchy. King Ashoka faced women brave in battle Kalinga which has changed dramatically. The coronation of Sultana Razia Begum in the early medieval period was no less an event that caused anger of the Turks. Mirabai ridiculed the patriarchal norms of Rajputana, even if for a male deity. Noorjahan and Jahanaraâ € ™ s role the Mughal era can not be easily forgotton. Come early modern and recalls that it becomes Rani of Jhansi, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Pandita Ramabai etc. Indeed, history has been its history-and not its history. Not surprisingly, many important contributions women have been neglected and ignored. These women (and many more that history has swallowed), but few are those feminists draw today.
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(I) Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Reform Movement: It was the 19th century that enlightened men like Ram Mohun Roy, Dayananda Saraswati, Keshab Chandra Sen, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyoti Bhai Phule, Govind Ranade, Maharishi Karve, etc. Bhandarkar, Champion s € ™ s cause. But most of these social reformers wanted to improve the situation of women within the family as wives and mothers and not to expand their role in society. Their micro-productive (internal) nurturing role has been acknowledged by Gandhi and tight space public.
(Ii) Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Nationalist Movement: Gandhiâ € ™ s whole philosophy Non-violence was based on the lives of Indian women who quietly, without fuss was all the insults and beatings by their husbands capricious, in order to reform.
Gandhi must be given credit for the participation of women in the nationalist movement. It was the first mass-mobilizing who saw the potential of women to an organized movement.
Under his leadership in 1931, the annual session of Karachi, the Congress Party has adopted a resolution engage in formal political equality of Indian women long before their European sisters had even won the right to vote.
(Iii) Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Da € ™ s Movement: After Independence, the Constitution came into force in 1950 proclaiming the equality between the sexes, among others. Five-year plans began after 1951 the establishment Help social counseling and Mahila Mandals. Despite these many other measures, the report of the Committee on the Status of Women (submitted 1974) pointed out that the dynamics social change and development has adversely affected women and they all show a group sings back, that is, the decline in sex ratio, lower life expectancy, more infant and maternal mortality, declining participation in work, increased illiteracy, increased migration, etc.
The filing of the report and the International Decade for Women (1975-1985) hightened the awareness on the plight of women Indian. S € ™ s freedom movement practices and patriarchal oppression began. For the first time unlike other movements of a women's movement sprouted, who saw them as individuals in their own right. It has been more men on a crusade for da € ™ s, but the issues of women and some men s € ™ s issues. Many organizations € ™ s women's emerged, which aimed at everyone on conscientising s € ™ s issues and experiences of collectivization of oppressed women to harness the desire for change in the position of women in all areas. This new awareness has led to not only feminist women (and men) but also feminist activists, activists and researchers. And a whole body of literature has emerged and continues to pay daily.
What awakened and gathered € ™ s s organizations across the country to fight against the oppression of women was the Mathura rape case in 1980. Soon, the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 1983 was enacted to penalize the rape of inmates.
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         No wonder, at least 35% of our women are literate and only 4% go to higher education. 85% of workers are still sedimented in the informal sector where legal measures have no meaning for them.
         The plight of Indian women continues to be a concern. What the Constitution states for women, springs from the reality as opposed to the doctrine itself, the principles, ideals Constitution. One seat has been placed on women. They were captured by the very institutions that attempt to preserve and protect their lives and interest to know the family, marriage, educational institutions, establishments, employment policy, mega-structures, retention clothing, machinery, etc. legal, whether the child marriage, infanticide, feticide, battered women, sati, widowhood, bigamy, harassment polygenic, sexual, physical torture, mental cruelty, rape by family members, strangers, police, army, paramilitary, extortion of dowry, murder dowry before marriage and after marriage, suicide, etc., all these forms of oppression of women and map the contours of our decadent capitalist, consumerist, corruption, caste, communal, patriarchal society.Â
         Be it a name, a Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Sikh, etc., forms of oppression of women may vary, but the content is the same atrocious, over-feeding, emaciating and scary. The It is not just women who are killed or murdered, but also the limitation current and murder various emotions, ambitions of millions of girls, which is, girls and women who have held daily from sunrise to sunset.
         This does not mean that women are reconciled to that effect. Discontent among the oppressed women. Girls from rural and urban areas have begun to express their likes and dislikes. The employed women, although meeting the role of conflict, have learned to become strong and assured. They seek now and demand their husband € ™ s cooperation in household tasks of the scene. Many men have started to correct the harm caused by them and began to question the patriarchal privilege given to them. So what if the families are 90% traditional. What important is the family 10% who are egalitarian, cutting across religion, caste and class barriers.
         marriages are not always willing now. Many marriages choices (marrying for love, love-cum-arranged marriages) are underway (free from the dowry and gifts). Men tend to be more attentive. In addition, marriage is no longer considered the only option. Many women are preferring to stay alone, while still many other couples began to live together without being married. All possibilities are being considered to establish an egalitarian, and the existence depatriarchised. Looking for relatives Feminale is too increase.
         awakening and liberation of the top five or six per cent of our women are beginning to have a fallout in the direction of the registration greater awareness of s € ™ s problems and social restrictive practices that affect their growth and potential. Today Thanks to them, s € ™ s question has acquired a moral and political legitimacy. Due to this day hardly anyone can resist and oppose s publicly € ™ s fundamental rights or to deny their political participation, Mrinal Pande notes.
         Although women are less numbers entered in the traditional male bastions, as scientists, pilots, police, engineers, architects outside of bureaucrats being, teachers, doctors, business women, entrepreneurs, journalists, etc., these women proclaim with one voice with Malan Devi Bodh Gaya involved in the fight landslides:
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          € œ Earlier we had the language, but could not speak. Our feet, but could not walk. Now we have the strength to speak and work €.
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A € œ Indian women: POWER TRAPPED €
INDU PRAKASH SINGH
Galaxy Publications
B flat pocket SFS No. 3, Alaknanda Apartments, Ganga ()
Kalkaji, New Delhi-110019
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         The early 19th century opened a new chapter has been a milestone in Indian history. The arrival of foreign missionaries, the introduction of English and other external influences introduced new factors to bear on the Indian people in particular 1intelligentia. English education has been requested for professional development in the process of rebuilding the society and women have received much attention. Social reformers and administrators, and realized that the social transformation can be accomplished only by the spread of education for women. Primary education is on track and the schooling of girls in schools has increased during 1921-34. But slowly decreased due to difficulties such as lack of funding and inefficiency.
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         Higher education has also been pretty good and it was the University of Madras which first two students admitted the first women to the year 1876 followed by the University of Calcutta in 1878. It may be surprising to know the London University admitted women as students later in 1897. British educators felt the need for medical training for women after have witnessed the suffering of women during home visits.
         In 1885, the National Association for supplying the media women was created. Training and education of Indian women in medical science has been recommended. In 1916, the Lady Harding Medical College was established in New Delhi. Between 1854-1902 frequent visits of many researchers and intervention of Rajaram Mohan Roy the great social reformer, has led to the development of women's education.
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         A committee was appointed to study problems relating to women's education because there was no demand satisfies s € ™ s education. The Indian Education Commission has recommended grant â € "in a school € aid "for women and the rules were made more liberal for girls in schools in relation to other fees, awards. The general awareness of the population in the world I was, the introduction of Sarada Act and the teaching of great leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru led to phenomenol awakening in Indian women.
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         But for the above developments, perhaps it would have taken several years to attend € ™ s progress in s education.
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What is empowerment?
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         empowerment strategies are varied and refer to those strategies that enable women realize their full potential. They consist of improved access to knowledge and resources, greater autonomy in making decisions, greater ability to plan their lives, a better control over the circumstances that affect their lives and, finally, factors which would free them from the yoke of customary beliefs and practices. Unless they themselves become aware of the oppression inflicted on them and take initiative to move this would not possible to change their status much. Some of the mechanisms of accountability could be identified as follows:
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         literacy and higher education;
         healthcare better for her and her children;
         Increase age at marriage;
         work participation in the Grand modernized;
         necessary financial support and service to self-employment;
         Opportunities for higher positions of power;
         knowledge full rights, especially
         Self respect – autonomy and dignity of being woman;
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Introduction
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         Robert Merton while offering the â € ~ Ethos System ™ € science that the institutional objective of science is the extension of knowledge certified. The technical methods employed to this end provide the relevant definition of knowledge, â € ~ confirmed empirically and forecasts consistent. Accordingly, four sets of institutional imperatives â € "universalism, communism, disinterestedness and organized skepticism include the ethics of modern science.
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         universalism first standard requires the acceptance or rejection of claims entering the lists of science, regardless of personal or social attributes the protagonist, race, nationality, religion, class, (we can do here gender) and personal qualities. In this paper, we will try review studies on women in science who have tried to examine this standard and have shown that â € ~ € ™ Particularism is very functional in the institution of science. In addition, we also try to highlight the methodology adopted in studies on women in science and relate to matters that were of concern to sociologists of science.
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         As in any subject, the literature on women in science / research are at various levels. They can be classified into three categories:
- Personal notes / impressionist items;
- Presentation of a particular viewpoint / Idea based on the opinions of activists like the spirit: and
- reports of empirical research based, items that fall within frames, models of the sociology of science.
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However, all three sources are important because they provide more insight, is complement each other and facilitate research.
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Nature of discrimination
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         In general, all materials, they are trying to highlight discrimination in their own way, by women scientists at various levels. The nature of discrimination for the analysis of companies can be classified into two types:
(A) Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â indicators of blatant discrimination and
(B) Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â aspects of hidden or subtle discrimination.
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We will examine them in detail.
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(A) Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Indicators of overt discrimination: In this category we include such factors that are recordable and measurable. They may request admission, records and lists of final selection of graduate students in science programs, the awarding of financial aid to students and the criteria for these decisions. Once in the career, the career of women scientists can be reconstructed by recording the number of years they involve the completion of the doctorate, the number of jobs they apply for positions, before getting a job Standing, number of years spent waiting for breaks during their research studies and, later, number of years in a particular position or rank befor4e get promotions, etc. These factors can be compared to a set of scientific male and female cohort to identify criteria discriminatory visible.
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In addition, there are other important dimensions of a career in science, which is directly relate to research. These include topics given to women scientists in their thesis, the resources that are accessible for research, patterns of research productivity of these scientists, their models of collaboration and the author details of joint publications, criteria which is operational at the time of recruitment and promotion in particular when it comes to competition between equally qualified scientists, men and women. Similarly, they climb the ladder, a comparison of the number of deputations, grants, membership of committees and administrative responsibilities that are available to women scientists with their male colleagues can be made. These indicators reflect not only the extent to which women receive awards financially and in terms of prestige within the institution and outside the scientific community, but also take into account the extent to which they participate in decision-making on issues relating to research and employment.
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As mentioned at the beginning, literature on women in science have been varied and sporadic. However, the question seems to be a common concern throughout the world and the same ideas are highlighted if they are about women scientists in India, America, France, except for countries of Eastern Europe for which relevant information not available. Given the quantitative compilation, we can find a number of investigations in particular with reference to Women Scientists in America with details of their employment statistics, based on an analysis that can be attempted. A study of the correlation samples women and men who received doctorates shows that in each of five areas ((physics, math, chemistry, biology, psychology and sociology) and at all levels prestige of graduate departments of University Women scored consistently higher intelligence that men. Students, it has been found to receive scores slightly higher test facility incorporated in the GRE verbal scale national, but men are more effective than women in the quantitative skills test (Zuckerman and Cole, 1975). The review of admission records, however shown that members of both sexes were admitted to the same extent as they apply. The same thing seems to be true in terms of allocation grants too (Astin, 1969). However, these results should be read in a context that: (I) women in the early 60Â € ™ has taken higher education research in particular in smaller numbers and (ii) of € ™ s 1950a and 1960a € ™ s was a period of prosperity for science as they received significant financial support from governments of respective countries. Only much later, when these two factors has changed: women began to enter science in large numbers and the scarcity of resources has become a reality that the criteria allocation becomes critical.
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Several tests have been conducted to show the slow mobility of women in science. In one study it was found that in the United States, Ph. € ™ s women s is more than four times more likely than men to be unemployment and represent only 6.6% of PhD holders Faculty of Sciences (Vetter, 1980). In his analysis of productivity patterns of chemists, men Barbara Reskin and women observed that most undecided da € ™ s reflects the most unpredictable in their careers, they have often held view postdoctoral fellowship; indeed non-teaching posts (Reskin 1976) have changed jobs more often regardless of institutional prestige (Hargens 1969). Similar results were highlighted by various other disciplines (Fidell 1970, Chubin 1974, Banerjee, 1980). But career profiles of women scientists have slowly been performed independently, but only in relation to their productivity trends and placement in positions of responsibility.
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Introduction
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        development of gender planning requires taking into account that women and men play different roles especially in the third world and therefore have different needs and provide both the conceptual and methodological tools for integrating gender planning of their socio-economic programs. At the political level, India, changes are visible to the advent of the United Nations Decade Women (1975-1985). There is more emphasis on economic and social development of women and a better understanding of the situation of low – women low income. With family-based wellness programs that focus has made motherhood as the most important or rather the only role for women development to a variety of approaches with emphasis on the productive role of women. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyze the attitude and actions to empower women by governmental and nongovernmental organizations in India.
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The Role of the Government of India to empower women
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         first few shots followed a welfarist approach and treated women as recipients of aid. The first Five Year Plan has focused its attention on the problem the high infant and maternal mortality and there have taken steps to develop school feeding schemes for children and the creation Sections of nutrition in public health departments and maternity centers and child health. The objective of the plan on the second problems of working women. Thus, policies have been taken to equal pay for equal work, the provision of training to allow women to compete for more jobs and expanding opportunities for part-time job. The main objective of the third plan was the expansion of girls' education. Regarding the welfare for the largest share was provided for the expansion of services, rural welfare and condensed courses of education for adult women. The fourth plan has continued to emphasize € ™ s s education. The fifth plan gives priority to the training of women in need of care and protection, women in women from low income with dependent children in need and working women.
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         This is during the fifth plan separate Office of Women € ™ s well-being and development (WWD) was established in 1976 as part the former Department of Social Affairs for the intensity of efforts nationally launched during the year International Women. The Bureau was given the main responsibility for implementing the National Plan of Action for Women in addition to coordinating activities on the s € ™ s well-being and development.
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         The sixth plan for the first time in history Indiae € ™ s plan includes a separate chapter on women and development. To make the International Women € ™ s Decade a success, he insisted on the independence of three strategies, namely economic, educational advancement and access to health care and family planning. Therefore, various programs have been incorporated into various development sectors to improve the socio-economic status of women. In the rural development sector has IRDP priority to women heads of households and approximately 35% of the total number of beneficiaries under TRYSEM were women. A new scheme namely the development Women and Children (DWCRA) was launched in 1982-83 as a pilot project in the blocks of the country. Many voluntary organizations have been invited to funds seized by the government for the above plans and women receive. Under the science and technology varieties of activities women have been included. Projects have been sponsored for the development of smokeless chullahs use of solar cookers establishment of biogas plants and devices to improve the system of water purification. A number of training centers for technology demonstration cum all selected focal across the country have been established by the National Society for Development Research (NRDC) to provide expertise and resources to women entrepreneurs.Â
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         During the Seventh Five Year Plan an integrated multidisciplinary approach was adopted on Education Employment Health Nutrition application of science and technology and other related aspects in the areas of interest for women. Only during the Seventh Plan â € ~ Women Development Corporationsâ € ™ have been established for promotion of employment generating activities for women.
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         Thus, with the start of International Women's Decade ™ € s in 1975, a number of programs have been introduced and serious efforts have been made by the government to improve the situation of women. Despite the gaps in implementation of theses policies are doing their best to integrate women throughout society. Thus, the Department of Women and Children is the national mechanisms for the development of women plays a vital role Assited by the Central Social Welfare Board and the National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development. Then Central Social Welfare that the Board is an apex level branches of the state to encourage voluntary efforts in the field of s € ™ s Development is a notice NIPCCD € "cum-research â €" National Institute cum level training in the field of child development with a separate division for s € ™ s research and development. In India, legislation and programs for women had never failed. But unfortunately the spirit behind these policies is not appreciated by the enforcement authorities.
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Voluntary efforts and empowerment of women in India
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         By serving the cause of poor women and voluntary organizations are considered superior to government for certain obvious reasons. Members of orgainsation volunteers are willing to spend time and energy and even money for an activity that seems good. This motivation and commitment make them work more sincerely for the cause against government officials. The argument above does not mean that all volunteers are committed orgtanisation and sincere and all departments are not so. There are exceptions in both. But in all voluntary organizations are better placed in relation government in the dissimination development efforts. The second advantage enjoyed by the volunteer organization is the flexibility in operations. The revisions and amendments in the light of experience are possible. Thus, there is information and learning by experience. The limited size of operations to ensure efficiency and accountability of the immediate target group. In addition, a new company needs a new system of values. Voluntary organizations are best suited to carry out this task. The poorest of the poor and women who accept their fate as suffering must be made to fight against the exploitation forces and challenge the existing order. â € ~ building awareness € ™ or â € ~ € ™ Conscientisationâ that Paula Freire would call it becomes imperative. Since any change in the â € ™ € ~ State quoâ invites retaliation from the rich only impartial independent body could do. Therefore organizations volunteers are best suited for this task.
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         International voluntary organizations normally have joint programs they can take at the national, state and local level within their framework. Among national voluntary organizations we have a little variety. While voluntary organizations to focus on the majority of action programs focus, an organization of some people and fight against the problems without working directly for the welfare of the masses. Their strategies are raising slogan processions carrying the use of hunger strike and move the Court, the Government media, etc. to solve the problem at hand. There are some Only organizations that train social workers to conduct research and training to meet the staffing needs of voluntary organizations. Some organizations are formed consisting of experts in various branches of k About the Author
